Medieval philosopher Roger Bacon was said to have predicted numerous inventions hundreds of years before they were created and may have even discovered the formula for the philosopher’s stone.
Today , Roger Bacon is see as a fore - thinking adept in both scientific and philosophical dress circle . However , most people living in thirteenth - C England alongside him thought he was a sorcerer — if not a fool .
Public DomainRoger Bacon in his observatory at Merton College , Oxford .
Bacon is perhaps best known for being the first European to document the formula for gunpowder . However , he also worked as a philosopher who reformed the educational pattern of the time . And he made waving during his lifespan for documenting another controversial subject : alchemy .
Public DomainRoger Bacon in his observatory at Merton College, Oxford.
As a scholar , Bacon believed that chemistry was the unifying skill . Under it , mankind could attain the ultimate wisdom . However , as a Catholic friar , he also contain that alchemy was the key to spiritual salvation — even though the church service condemned alchemy as highly suspicious at the prison term , according toThoughtCo .
Bacon died around 1292 , having expend his sprightliness combining science and organized religion in unprecedented ways . His workplace receive sight of unfavorable judgment and even led to his imprisonment in 1277 — but today , he ’s remember as one of the top bookman of the 13th century .
How Roger Bacon’s Early Education Shaped His Future Work
Roger Bacon grow up knowing he want to be an pedagogue . He earned a degree from Oxford University in England , where he became an expert on the works of Aristotle . In the 1240s , he bulge lecturing at the University of Paris .
While in France , according to theStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , he lectured on Aristotelean logical system , Latin grammar , and the mathematical look of astronomy and music .
Wikimedia CommonsRoger Bacon observing the stars .
Wikimedia CommonsRoger Bacon observing the stars.
Around 1247 , he left Paris , and his whereabouts for the next 10 years stay unknown . historiographer believe he likely live in France or near Oxford , working as a private scholar . He study Greek and Arabic whole kit on eye ( the physiology of eyesight and the eye and brain general anatomy creditworthy for it ) , a subject that Bacon later on had bestow to the medieval university programme .
He also pop carrying out experiments that aid shape the scientific method as we eff it today .
His Impact On The Modern Scientific Method
By the 12th century , a decent portion of Aristotle ’s writing had been unavailable to the west for over a thousand twelvemonth , as Arabs had seized the original gyre during their Mediterranean takeover . Europeans rediscovered the philosopher ’s writings during this time and understand them into Latin .
Roger Bacon studied Aristotle while at Oxford and greatly admired the famed thinker .
He began sway out interpersonal chemistry experiments based on Aristotle ’s writing , but the tests were n’t turning out as wait . He found that Aristotle , the clip - observe enceinte thinker , was actually haywire about many things . Bacon had to dispose years of work because of this discovery .
PicrylRoger Bacon conducting an experiment.
The wrong parts of Aristotle ’s writings made Bacon hesitant to trust anything . Annoyed , he contend to find a way to make knowledge trustworthy — a agency to logically turn up the truth .
PicrylRoger Bacon conducting an experiment .
At this sentence , mass think that a logical argument alone could prove the the true . Aristotle provided theory that were logically right , so mass assumed they were true . However , Bacon ’s experiments suggested otherwise .
PicrylBacon studying an alchemy book.
Bacon concluded that there were four slip up blocks to the truth : trust on faulty authority , popular opinions , personal bias or vanity , and reliance on noetic disceptation .
While Bacon believed that what he project in his lab was right , he also knew that he necessitate to find a elbow room to be absolutely certain . Other masses need to conduct the precise same experiments . This would eliminate any personal bias on his part .
What was duplicated in the lab could then be deal truth . Hence , the birth of the scientific method . While Bacon is n’t credited with actually inventing the scientific method acting , he is seen as a vital forefather who add inductive reasoning to the process .
damiavos/FlickrA statue of Roger Bacon at Oxford University.
Some of the labor Bacon work on were n’t quite as readily accept into the scientific residential area , however .
Roger Bacon And The Philosopher’s Stone
During the course of his studies , Roger Bacon became familiar with the study of interpersonal chemistry and its carnal knowledge to nature and medicinal drug . He also studied Hermeticism — a solidification of philosophical beliefs that unified element of Jewish and Christian religious mysticism with ancient Egyptian beliefs . It was popular with both Muslim bookman and European intellect during Bacon ’s lifetime .
Around 1257 , Roger Bacon became a friar in the Catholic Franciscan Order . He was initially attract to it because some scholarly person he admired were also member . The Franciscans encourage deeper eruditeness in philosophic , theological , and scientific discipline .
However , his involvement in the parliamentary law also stand for obey a rule that nix friars from put out any works without denotative approval . This think a forced break from scholarly pursuits . But in the mid-1260s , Bacon decided he want to return to Oxford .
He reached out to those gamey in the Catholic Church for license to do so and finally gained the attending of Pope Clement IV . Due to a misunderstanding that Bacon had already written his postulation , the Alexander Pope require to record it .
Bacon had to start writing in a hurry .
PicrylBacon studying an alchemy Quran .
His aim was to reform Christian education at the university level . He importune that Christians demand to learn about skill — and alchemy . He believed that anyone who could create alchemy ’s mythic “ philosopher ’s stone ” could strike inspired true statement .
His written plea , orOpus Majus , contained seven section . fear this study would get lost in transit , he pen a second sum-up — and even a third as a reliever . Together , these books contained about a million speech and took a year to indite on parchment with a pinion playpen .
In his bookRoger Bacon : The First Scientist , Brian Clegg called this cognitive process “ one of the most singular single efforts of literary productivity ” .
Bacon sent these writing to a very receptive Pope Clement IV around 1267 . Unfortunately , Clement die in 1268 .
Nine years later , the University of Paris ban the teaching of sealed philosophies , and record show that Bacon was perhaps imprisoned or site under sign of the zodiac stay for intrusion of this rule .
Eventually , however , Bacon did return to Oxford . He is presumed to have expend the remainder of his life there until his demise around 1292 .
Roger Bacon’s Scientific And Philosophical Legacy
After Roger Bacon ’s death , those who fear his ideas straight off put the rest of the manuscripts he left behind under lock chamber and key . They are believed to have since been eaten by insect .
His heavy catalogue of written work telephone number airless to 101 . Most of these are on grammar , mathematics , general physics , optics , uranology , chemistry , conjuration , and alchemy .
damiavos / FlickrA statue of Roger Bacon at Oxford University .
A couple of hundred year after Bacon ’s death , people regarded him as a owner of forbidden noesis — or even a whiz . However , 16th - C philosopher attempted to clear his name and reputation , hailing him as a scientific pioneer . By the nineteenth C , William Whewell stated in hisHistory of the Inductive Sciences : “ Roger Bacon ’s works are not only so far beyond his historic period in the knowledge which they contain , but so unlike from the temper of the times … that it is difficult to conceptualize how such a character could then survive ” .
Indeed , it ’s say that Bacon predicted thing such as modern railway car , airplanes , and Italian sandwich , though the works some of these predictions are based on could be misattributed . Nevertheless , Roger Bacon is remembered today as an avid seeker of universal truth .
After read about medieval philosopher Roger Bacon , learn37 facts about the Middle Agesthat will make you thankful you hold out in modern times . Then , control outthese 33 beautiful illustrationsthat flux art and science from nineteenth - century naturalist Ernst Haeckel .
